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Đorđe Marković Koder (Cyrillic: Ђорђе Марковић Кодер) (1806 – April 30, 1891) was a Serbian poet born in Austrian Empire. Misunderstood, largely forgotten and often considered a marginal figure in Serbian poetry, criticized for his cryptic style littered with incomprehensible words and obscure metaphors, Koder was nevertheless a unique phenomenon in the 19th century Serbian literature, sometimes cited as the first Serbian modernist.〔Naš prvi modernista, Ž. Milićević, Književne hronike II, Beograd 1939.〕 ==Biography== Đorđe Marković Koder was, by his own account, born in 1806 in the village of Vizić or Bingula, in Fruška gora, present-day Serbia. Soon after that his family moved to Sremska Mitrovica, where his father worked as a merchant and ran a general store. After finishing German elementary school in Mitrovica, Koder was sent to Szeged, Hungary, where he finished Piarist high school. In 1831 he graduated from the two-year Protestant law school, where he found a job as a fencing instructor with the army. In 1837 Koder obtained a passport with the aim of going to Istanbul, via Bucharest and Athens. However, as he didn't manage to raise the money for the journey, he was compelled to move to Trieste, where his brother Jovan worked as an accountant for an American company.〔Pismo Kodera Mariji Milutinović, 1837, Matica Srpska, Novi Sad, sign. 21718〕 He lived in a poor suburb of Trieste, dedicating his time to writing and trying to procure a job. He corresponded with his relative Marija Popović-Punktatorka, the soon-to-be wife of Sima Milutinović Sarajlija. As he failed in the latter, in 1838 he moved back to Szeged and then Budapest, where he attended university lectures in various disciplines, such as medicine, astronomy and aesthetics. At the same time he tried to learn and perfect multiple languages - English, French, Greek and Sanskrit. In 1839 Koder suddenly decided to move to Kragujevac, Serbia, where he became a fencing and gymnastics instructor for Mihailo and Milan, the sons of prince Miloš Obrenović. He also worked as an interpreter for the prince. When Miloš Obrenović abdicated from power, in June 1839, Koder moved to Belgrade, where he worked at odd jobs until he managed to open a fencing school in 1844. The funding for the school was provided by Jovan Ninić, a wealthy Serbian patriot from Belgrade.〔Zagrebački list ''"Danica"'', broj 16, 20. april 1844, rubrika ''"Vesti iz Beograda"''〕 One year later Koder returned to Szeged, then to Timisoara, then back to Belgrade, where he found a house in the poor suburb of Palilula and became friends with Jakov Ignjatović, a famous Serbian novelist and prose writer, and writer Milan Savić. Both Savić and Ignjatović left vivid reminiscences of him in their respective memoirs. In 1852, Serbian magazine ''Svetovid'', from Timisoara, published two Koder's poems: ''Grlica'' (Turtle Dove) and ''Leptir'' (Butterfly).〔Časopis "Svetovid", broj 4, 12. jul 1852, Leptir Đ. M. Kodera〕 In September 1858 he had almost completed his master poem, ''Romoranka'', for which he unsuccessfully tried to organize a public reading in Belgrade.〔Pokušaj Đ. Markovića da u Beogradu 1858. godine pročita i objavi spev ''Romoranka'', Književne novine, LIII, 2000, No. 1007-1008〕 In a Letter to his relative Marija Popović-Milutinović (better known as Punktatorka) we read that he's about to finish ''Romoranka'', about to write ''Tolkovka'' as an addition to it, and that he was about to write another book called ''Milogorka i Devecilje.'' Next month he got a permanent job as a fighting instructor in the Artillery School in Belgrade, and in 1859 he applied for Serbian citizenship. He continued his work on ''Romoranka'', and in 1860 published an advertisement calling for subscribers.〔Srpske novine, broj XXVII 4, 5. januar 1860〕 When a series of uprisings against the Ottoman government broke out in Montenegro and Herzegovina in 1861, Serbian government sent Đorđe Marković Koder as an emissary and a negotiator between warring sides, carrying letters on the behalf of the European Commission.〔Građa za istoriju veze Crne Gore i Hercegovine od 1852, Zapisi, Knjiga XII, str. 120-121〕 Marković's role in the negotiations remains unclear and the historical data are scarce. In 1861. Koder moved to Novi Sad, where he managed to publish a couple of his poems in the magazines ''Danica'' and ''Javor'', the latter edited by Jovan Jovanović Zmaj.〔List "Javor", broj 22, 10. avgust 1862, Novi Sad〕 His main poem, ''Romoranka'', which integrated and extended many of the motives exhibited in his previous poems, was finally published in September 1862. Milka Grgurova, an actress from Novi Sad, left a vivid account of her visit to Koder's rented room, shown in by the poet's landlady as he wasn't at home at the time of the visit. Her account gives us an interesting insight into his lifestyle. ''"When we entered the room… The things that we saw! First we heard a piglet, that came right to us. It probably thought that its master, Koder, had come home. White rabbits, chicken, ducklings and whatnot! And all that crowd greeted us with much noise and affection. All that four-legged and feathery two-legged company lived in perfect harmony. What's more, the whole menagerie lived with Koder, in a single room furnished in a very original way. In one corner there was a bed, with straw mat covered by a thick blanket. By the window there was a simple merchant's chest, which he used as a writing desk, on top of which there was a whole mess of papers, books, goose quilts and an earthen inkstand. In the mess I could discern a book titled ''Romoranka'', which he later gave me as a gift, as well as some poems by Branko Radičević"'' .〔"Đorđe Marković Koder", Staniša Vojinović, Narodna knjiga, Beograd, 2005, str. 94〕 After publishing ''Romoranka'', Marković left Novi Sad for Istanbul, where he spent a couple of years working as an interpreter for various embassies. In 1867 he was back in Timosoara. A letter has been preserved, written to him by Dragiša Milutinović, to inform Koder that the book ''"A Grammar of the Persian Language"'' had been procured and sent to him, as he had requested.〔Pismo, Rukopisno odeljenje Matice Srpske, sign. 35985, Novi Sad〕 In February 1868 he undertook a long journey around Italy, after which he returned to Bucharest and then to Timisoara, where he continued studying Turkish and Arabic, planning to translate ''Romoranka'' to the latter.〔Jedno neštampano pismo brata Đorđa Markovića Kodera Mariji Milutinović, Zbornik Matice srpske za KJ, 1985, knj. XXXIII, sv. 2, 441-442.〕 In May 1872 he returned to Istanbul, where he got a job at the British embassy. As an interpreter for Arabic and Turkish, he went on a number of missions with the British embassy staff, including at least one journey to northern Africa.〔"Đorđe Marković Koder", Staniša Vojinović, Narodna knjiga, Beograd, 2005〕 Some 16 years later, when most of his friends had believed he had been long dead, he suddenly returned to Novi Sad in 1888. Despite his age (82) he was in good health. He stayed with his friend Đoka Kamber, whom he informed that he had come to Novi Sad to die and be buried there.〔"Đoka Marković", Stevan Pavlović, list ''"Naše doba"'', broj 11, 19. februar 1888.〕 In 1890 he lived in "Ubogi dom", a refuge for homeless people in Novi Sad. There he surrounded himself with a number of cats and dogs, which he had befriended. He died on April 30, 1891. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Đorđe Marković Koder」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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